Associate Professor　Takehiko　MATSUGI　

e-mail tmatsugi@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
tel/fax 81-86-251-7457


Research interests:

Archaeological studies on warfare and weapons
Warfare and gender, ethnicity, heritage
Transformation of material culture and society of pre-protohistoric Japan
Application of methodological individualism to archaeology :Darwinism, structurationism, cultural transmission
Landscape archaeology

JAPANESE

Resent publications:

Authored book:

Matsugi,T. 2001. Hitowa naze tatakaunoka: Kokogaku kara mita senso
(Why do men fight? :an archaeological perspective on the appearance of warfare),
Kodansha, Tokyo (in Japanese)

Edited book:

Matsugi,T. and Utagawa,T. (eds.). 1999. Tatakai no system to taigai-senryaku
(Historical studies on military systems and foreign strategy)
Toyo-shorin, Tokyo (in Japanese)

Articles:

Matsugi,T. 2004(now printing). Senso no seisei to jizoku ni kannsuru kokogakuteki tenbo
(An archaeological perspective on the emergence and continuance of warfare)
in Bunka no tayosei to hikaku-kokogaku :Kokogaku kenkyu-kai 50 shunen kinen ronshu
(Cultural diversity and comparative archaeology:
The 50th anniversary for Society of Archaeological Studies),
Kokogaku kenkyu-kai (Society of Archaeological Studies)
Okayama　(in Japanese)

Matsugi,T. 2003. Kofun-shutsugenki no tetsuzoku no ichi yoso:
watakuri-sankakukei testuzoku ni tsuite
(Typological change of arrowheads and its cultural meanings
at the beginning of Kofun period protohistoric Japan)
in Ishino,H.(ed.) Shoki-kofun to Yamato no kokogaku:
(Archaeology of the emergence of kofuns and Yamato district),
Gakuseisha, Tokyo　(in Japanese)

Matsugi,T. 2003. Rekishi ni okeru buryoku no shokeitai to ethnicity
(Various forms of military force and their relation to ethnicity in historical process:
A preliminary consideration for archaeological analysis)
Bunka Kyoseigaku Kenkyu (Studies in cultural symboitics) 1
Graduate school of humanities and social sciences, Okayama University,
Okayama　(in Japanese)

Matsugi,T. 2002. Nippon-retto genshi-kodai bukihukuso no tenkai to
shakaiteki sho-categories no keisei
(Processes of social differentiation represented in buried weapons as grave goods
in ancient Japan: Status, gender and ethnicity)
in Fujiki,H.and Utagawa,T.(eds.)Kogeki to boei no kiseki
(Historical studies on warfare: offense and deffense),
Toyoshorin Tokyo, (in Japanese)

Presented papers :

for international conferences:

Matsugi,T. 2004(forthcoming). A new perspective on the beginning
of the Kofun period protohistoric Japan:
From group oriented to individualizing chiefdoms
SEAA (The society for East Asian Archaeology) 2004 ,Seoul KOREA (in English)
abstruct The beginning of Kofun period is characterized as a change of the configuration of material culture. First, enclosed settlements which had evoked exclusive group identification eventually changed into the larger open villages facing the trade routes.Second, collective cemeteries of homogeneous inhumations were replaced by segmented burial mounds including a few coffins each with various grave goods showing the identity of individual families or persons .Third, the bronze ritual goods, which is thought to have been used in communal ceremonies, were abandoned.
These changes progressed during the latest period of the Yayoi era in the main area of the Japanese archipelago, indicating the shift from the group-oriented to the individualizing types of chiefdoms. The author consideres that this shift was motivated by the restructuring of mentalities which were based upon the fundamental economical changes related in this period. Since the 1st century AD, iron imported mainly from the Korean peninsula became principal materials for tools instead of locally yielded stone. It indicates increasing dependence on the external resources gained through the long-distance trade sometimes accompanied by warlike activities, where particularly talented individuals as traders or warriors had a chance to show off their successes and win reputations which consequently turned into prestige and power. The emergence of these individuals, whom the author names Jonathan after Buck's famous novel, seems to have undermined the bonds of traditional communities which had been represented in exclusive settlements, collective burials and the bronze artifacts for communal rituals.
The author concludes that this process resulted in the formation of the individualizing type of chiefdoms characterized by the material culture, such as hierarchic and diversified burials and prestige goods, evoking the differentiation of each persons or families.

Matsugi,T. 2003. The historical trajectory to Kamikaze
WAC-5（The fifth World Archaeology Congress), Washington D.C. U.S.A.(in English)
abstruct In this paper, the author argues that the geographically prescribed socio-political form of Japanese archipelago has brought the irrational and spiritual mode of war as has been symbolized by the word 'Kamikaze'.
Isolated from the continent, where various fighting styles developed through frequent conflicts in the multi-ethinic circumstances, Japanese mode of warfare has grown without such intensive interregional or inter-ethnic interactions.As a result, it has gotten to have following characteristics. First, the unique art of war has been so seldom innovated as to get to domestic and more and more stylistic, where the ideal conduct as a warrior has been considered of further more importance than survival to win. Secondly, such virtue has been thought to be embodied not by careful protects and well planned supplies but by courageous attacks, because they needed to pay little attention for defense in the archipelago surrounded by sea. Thirdly, patercentric style of personal relationships rooted in China and grown characteristically in Japan, combined with related conditions, has prevented the systematic development of military organizations or has transformed them into conical groups of familism dominated by feudal lords, and an emperor later.
The individual suicide attacks without organizational rationality is thought to have formalized in such a circumstance. The author concludes that Kamikaze(Sinpu in formal) was not produced confusedly by the desperate navy, but has been grown along a long historical process.

Matsugi,T. 2002. Nippon-retto ni okeru ogata-funbo no shutsugen
(The emaergence of gigantic chiefly tumuli in Japanese archipelago)
The 11th bunkazaikenkyu kokusai gakujutsu taikai
(The international academic conference for studies of cultural properties)
Korea national institition of cultural properties, Seoul KOREA (in Japanese and Korean)
abstruct This paper aims to construct a theoretical framework for the beginning of Kofun period, not only by focusing on the appearance of gigantic chiefly tumulus represented by zenpokoen-fun (keyhole-shaped mound) as has ever been done, but also by regarding this epoch as a total change of burial systems reflecting the transformation of the whole social organizations.
During the last phase of Yayoi period, from the second to the third centuries A.D., we can observe two prominent phenomena as to burial. Firstly, the crowded groups of simple graves as communal cemeteries, were taken their places by the clusters of small mounds with one or several inhumation burials each in their center. Secondly, most inhumation began to be characterized by the varieties of grave goods, the sorts of coffin, the shape and the scale of mounds, symbolizing social status or economic roles as chief, warrior, shaman, craftsman, rich or subordinate farmer, etc.　Therefore, the gigantic tumulus can be regarded as a sort of these diverse burials that is considered to be paramount chiefs' tombs in a broad view, although they are thought to be marks of some specific political events.
It can be interpreted that the individuals or each households represented by him/her, which had been assimilated in the communities, started to demonstrate their own identities originated not only in the position in blood relationships but also in above-mentioned status or roles in forthcoming more functional complex societies based on advanced specialization and long-distance trade of non-local resources or prestige goods. Kofun period societies as such new organizations, the author considers, can be termed "individualizing chiefdoms" (vs. "group-oriented" or "collective" chiefdoms) after Renfrew and Kristiansen, or "early states" following Tsude.And these highly developed chiefdoms or early states are thought to have emerged one after another in the eastern part of Chinese civilization area as Korean peninsular and Japanese archipelago during the first to the third century under the influences of Chinese empires.
As a result, the author concludes that the kofun, diverse burial mounds, including the gigantic tumulus, appeared as the apparatus of ritual system or ideology rooted in the functional society of early states, under the expansion of Chinese civilization.

for domestic conferences:

Matsugi,T. 2004. Yayoijidai-koki no dasei-sekizoku
(The transformation of habitus represented in the form and technique
of stone arrowheads in Yayoi period prehistoric Japan)
Kodai buki kenkyukai (Society for studies of ancient weapons and armours),
Hikone(in Japanese)
abstruct In the mainland of Japanese archipelago, stone chipped arrowheads were gradually replaced by metals during the last stage of the Yayoi era, 1-3rd. centuries AD. In this process, they grew bigger and became to be finely manufactured with special attentions to particular edges and points, while they decreased in number. The author considers that these changes were caused by following two main factors.
First, the reduction of products made the chipping technique less necessary to be inherited as daily labour. In result, chipped arrowheads got to be recognized as rare and traditional crafts for special purposes or by old people at last. This recognition, increasing the costs in materials, times and efforts including cognition to make each one, is thought to have led to the growth in size and the enhancement of sensibility to forms. Second, this recognition extended and complicated the schema, the chains of image or representation, evoked by arrowheads, which became much more meaningful through this process.
In conclusion, enlargement and elaboration of chipped arrowheads in the Yayoi era, which have ever been regarded as an indication of functional development, are also considered to represent the transformation of the nature of habitus through which they were produced.

Matsugi,T. 2003. Kibi-chiiki ni okeru kofun chikuzo pattern no henka
(The change of spacial patterns and cultural meanings of tumuli
in Kibi district 5-6th centuries)
The 8th symposium of Kokogaku-kenkyu kai (Society of Archaeological Studies),
Okayama(in Japanese)